Highlights
- •SMuRF-less patients accounted for 6% among acute coronary syndrome patients
- •The prevalence of left main trunk or left anterior descending artery lesion was higher in SMuRF-less patients
- •SMuRF-less patients were more likely to die than those with SMuRFs
- •SMuRF-less patients were at risk of cardiac shock or cardiopulmonary arrest
Abstract
Background
High mortality in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) without standard modifiable
cardiovascular risk factors [SMuRFs (e.g. diabetes, hypertension, smoking, and dyslipidemia)]
has been reported. However, details regarding their acute presentation and reasons
for the excess risk remain unclear.
Method
Patient-level data were extracted from a multicenter procedure-based registry (KiCS-PCI).
We analyzed consecutive patients with ACS who underwent de novo percutaneous coronary
intervention (PCI) between 2009 and 2020. The primary outcome of interest was the
in-hospital mortality.
Results
Among the 10,523 patients with ACS, 7775 met the inclusion criteria. Patients without
SMuRFs who underwent PCI [n = 529 (6.8 %)] were older [median 71 (IQR: 63–79) vs. 68 (59–76) years, p < 0.001] and more often presented with cardiogenic shock or cardiopulmonary arrest
(14.6 % vs. 8.6 %, p < 0.001; 12.7 % vs. 5.3 %, p < 0.001, respectively). In patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI),
median door-to-balloon time was significantly longer in SMuRF-less patients (90 min
vs 82 min). In-hospital death was significantly higher in SMuRF-less patients [10.2 %
vs. 4.1 %, p < 0.001, adjusted odds ratio, 1.81 (95%CI, 1.26–2.59); p = 0.001], whereas the rate of procedural complications showed no significant difference.
When stratified by the ACS presentation pattern, the findings were consistent, although
the association between SMuRF-less and the increased risk of in-hospital mortality
was not statistically significant in patients with non-ST-elevation- (NSTE)-ACS.
Conclusions
SMuRF-less ACS patients frequently presented with cardiopulmonary arrest and/or cardiogenic
shock, leading to high in-hospital mortality. When stratified by the ACS presentation
pattern, the association of SMuRF-less and the increased risk of mortality was more
prominent in STEMI patients and it was not statistically significant in NSTE-ACS patients.
Almost half of these patients had amendable left main trunk or left anterior descending
artery disease and treating clinicians should be aware of this paradox to avoid the
delay in treatment.
Graphical abstract
Graphical Abstract
Keywords
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Article info
Publication history
Published online: February 13, 2023
Accepted:
January 8,
2023
Received in revised form:
January 3,
2023
Received:
October 18,
2022
Publication stage
In Press Corrected ProofFootnotes
☆IRB information: The present study was approved by Keio University Ethical Committee. Reference number: 20080073.
Identification
Copyright
© 2023 Japanese College of Cardiology. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
